1,13,14 Recent developments in synthesis and fabrication techniques have enabled the realization of those patchy particles. The patchy particle is often described as a spherical particle patterned with an anisotropic surface or attached with interacting patches on its surface. 10 In the latter case, the building block is varied in shape, 11 local sphere clusters, 12 patchy particle, 1,13 etc. The building block can be isotropic 8,9 or anisotropic. The interaction of building blocks depends on the block and the solvent. The main difficult issue is to determine building blocks that are capable of forming the desired structure, and the underlying kinetics and mechanism of the assemble process, i.e., the interaction of such building blocks and the conditions, e.g., temperature and dispersity, will determine the outcome structure. The self-assembly of complex structures, particularly open structures, such as kagome lattice, 5 honeycomb lattice, 6 diamond structure, 7 and icosahedral quasicrystal, 8 however, has not been fully understood yet. ![]() ![]() 3,4 Understanding, controlling, and predicting the self-assembly structure from the given building blocks are challenging goals in the field of soft matter. 1,2 The special properties of these materials originate from the material structures and the physical–chemical properties of the components made of the materials. 1 The self-assembly forming complex patterns is of great interest because of the promising applications in materials engineering, such as photonics, energy storage devices, and tunable-rheology fluids. The self-assembly of nano-particles and colloidal particles is a spontaneous organization of the small particles into structures.
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